Hi, Jessa. I'm sorry for the late reply. I hope this is in time. The original work should be included. Without it, the reader cannot know who is being quoted. The page number should be included, if possible, but if DiRamio et al. (2008) did not include it, the dissertation's author won't know it. The better option for a direct quotation in most cases would be tracking down the original source, if at all possible.

Hi, Lekhini. Thanks for writing. Feel free to quote directly from your source, as long as you include a reference and an in-text citation. To your second question, a book might be a primary source for some information and a secondary source for other information. This post will help: Alligators and Academia: The Importance of Primary and Secondary Sources.

The Manual provides guidelines for writing and submitting manuscripts to scholarly journals. Teachers often adapt these guidelines for other types of documents and assignments. You might also find this helpful: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/09/dear-professor.html

Great question! The Manual (on p. 229) recommends that authors "double-space between all text lines of the manuscript," which includes block quotations. See also http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/12/cant-find-it-in-the-publication-manual.html

Upvote! But, I can't take that credit. YouTube really implemented the Wadsworth constant back in 2011! See the "Application" section here: http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/the-wadsworth-constant

Hi, Robert. That's an interesting question. The Manual does not specify, so just use your best judgment and ensure that you're consistent throughout your paper.

Hi, Mayumi. Yes, that looks great.

Hi, Ariela. Thank you for this question. And, Annmariekerfoot, I’m sorry I somehow missed your question from so long ago! For APA Style, lists in the text should use letters (see http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/02/lists-part-3-lowercase-letters.html). You could, however, ask your teachers (or publishers) how they feel about varying from the official guidelines. If you’re able to create your own in-house style, you can, of course, adapt guidelines as needed.

Great question! As Stefanie noted in a later post, “the Manual (6th ed.) has a large section (Reducing Bias in Language, pp. 70–77) as well as supplemental material (see also these documents on gender, sexual orientation, and disabilities) devoted to explaining how to discuss individuals with respect and accuracy.” In that section, the Manual explains this stylistic decision: Black and White should be capitalized because those words, like other racial and ethnic group designations, are proper nouns. That is, Caucasian, African American, White, and Black are all capitalized in APA Style.

Hi, Andjriz. Thanks for this question. Both are examples of personal communications (see the Provide a Reliable Path to the Source section of our post on what belongs in a reference list).

Hi, Jesse. Good question! The university name is not needed in the reference. We would still recommend using the template for a video podcast shown at the end of this post: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/10/cite-what-you-see-cite-what-you-use.html

If you're quoting the entire sentence, include the citations. However, you might consider paraphrasing or rewording entirely, because it looks like the reader will need more context to understand that quote (i.e., what does the prhase "these studies" refer to). (If paraphrasing, still include the citation to the original work.)

Hi, Lisa. This should help: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/12/a-stylish-guide-to-holiday-viewing.html

Only cite the studies if you read them and are relying on them as well. If you’ve only read the one study (that cites the other five), that’s the only one to include in your reference list. I think the situation you’re describing is covered by this post: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/12/citations-within-quotations.html

Hi, Lisa. Treat class notes like personal communications. The section on class notes in the post above links to another post on our blog where we provide a template to follow.

Thanks, Barbara. I just tested this, and I was able to find a few different podcasts by using the search option on that page. But another working URL might be just as effective. Note that podcasts can be hosted on non-iTunes websites, so this was just one example. The example podcast reference (Example 50) on p. 210 of the Manual shows another URL.

This will help! http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11/how-to-cite-something-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-style.html

Hi, Susan. The Publication Manual does not address that exact case, but you should be able to adapt the example on pp. 63-64 to work. Your example seems good.

Hi, Susan. No, that's not mentioned in the Manual.

It is important to make clear all cases where you are either paraphrasing or quoting directly. For more details, see Chapter 6 of the Manual. This post about citing paraphrased works may also help.

The full name of a test instrument should be capitalized. You can find examples in the table of this post: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/02/do-i-capitalize-this-word.html

Hi, Fernanda. For legal citations, we follow The Bluebook. For more, see http://on.fb.me/Re21aA

Everyone who replied above has the right idea. When writing a paragraph, you can alternate between citing an author parenthetically and using the author’s name in the running text. You can also use “he” or “she,” when you know the gender of the author (see SA’s reworded paragraph above). Just be sure that these pronouns have a clear referent. By using these variations, you can avoid redundancy in your writing and still make clear throughout the paragraph that the ideas are those of the original researcher. To your specific question, the Manual does not specify any number of sentences at which an author’s name must be mentioned. The writer’s goal should be to delineate which are his or her original ideas and which are those of other scholars. For more, see pages 15–16 and pages 170–173 of the Manual.

Hi, Johnny. When question marks are part of the quoted material, they should be inside the quotes. When they are not, they should be outside. You can see examples of both in the second table here: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/08/punctuating-around-quotation-marks.html Commas are also usually inside the quotation marks. In your examples, though, the commas after the question marks are unnecessary.