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The Carbon Intensity is calculated to be 138.90 gCO2e/MJ.
What am I missing here?
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/co2-emission-fuels-d_1085.html
Natural gas is 50kg CO2 / GJ
50000 grams / 1000 MJ
= 50 g/ MJ
So how is liquefied hydrogen a low carbon fuel?
CARB posts 6 LCFS pathway applications for liquefied hydrogen
The California Air Resources Board (ARB) has recently posted six Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) Tier 2 pathways applications for the production of liquefied hydrogen from renewable and fossil gas. Shell Energy North America seeks certification of a renewable hydrogen pathway produced by stea...
Pumped hydro storage built long before renewables to balance the grid.
So large scale storage not new.
As E-P points out the stability of 50/60HZ comes from the mechanical inertia of all the motors and generators spinning in the grid. Originally this was
'free' in the sense that as only spinning generators could make power (on a large scale) you got the inertia whether you wanted it or not.
As you add non synchronous generation the inertia declines. So you have to add inertia somewhere. Real or synthetic.
Can be done but synthetic likely to have issues.
Think of it like the 737 max 8 control system, the plane not inherently stable now and you have to continually have to correct. Very problematic if one part of the system fails.
The first of these CAES plants were built to store cheap off peak power from nukes.
If you had a mountain you would use pumped hydro.
The salt caverns are also a geographic feature that can be exploited. No more no less.
At the moment all the seasonal storage of gas in the US (and quite a lot in Europe) is stored in such caverns,
The CAES system can be as big or as small as you like. Only about the economics.
All the bits work. And the inertia they add is real. So it helps system stability.
World’s largest renewable energy storage project announced in Utah; grid-scale energy storage with renewable hydrogen production
Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems (MHPS) and Magnum Development announced an initiative to launch the Advanced Clean Energy Storage (ACES) project in central Utah. The world’s largest project of its kind, the ACES initiative will develop 1,000 MW of 100% clean energy storage, thereby deploying t...
E_P
Apologies.
I thought the Green Goat was some code for one of your pet hates re Green initiates.
I see now it is a hybrid locomotive. For some reason 'the link' is not a different colour on my crappy screen.
Mr Google made it all clear finally.
Clearly Green Goat well ahead of the curve. If memory serves well at one stage
GE offered a hybrid too, with their molten salt batteries.
https://www.ge.com/reports/leading-charge-battery-electric-locomotives-pushing-us-freight-trains/
Toshiba showcasing hybrid-diesel-battery locomotive demonstrator
Kiel-Toshiba Railway Europe GmbH (TRG), a wholly owned subsidiary of Toshiba Infrastructure Systems and Solution (TISS), Toshiba Group’s core group in the infrastructure business, will showcase Toshiba’s modular diesel electric hybrid locomotives at Transport Logistic 2019 this week. Furthe...
E-P you will have to be more explicit.
What is your issue, is that they have batteries?
They they will save Nox, soot & noise emissions?
That this not a good thing?
Toshiba showcasing hybrid-diesel-battery locomotive demonstrator
Kiel-Toshiba Railway Europe GmbH (TRG), a wholly owned subsidiary of Toshiba Infrastructure Systems and Solution (TISS), Toshiba Group’s core group in the infrastructure business, will showcase Toshiba’s modular diesel electric hybrid locomotives at Transport Logistic 2019 this week. Furthe...
Big advantage of storing both compressed air & hydrogen is you can run the compressor on cheap off peak power and store the compressed air for peak times.
In a classic gas turbine the power hungry compressor takes a big chunk of the gross turbine power.
So if you run the turbine only, with compressed air from storage, net output during peak times might be doubled or even trebled compared to a classic GT of same size.
Does wonders for the economics.
Similar improvements for the round trip efficiency, and finally, it reduces the relative cost of the electrolysers.
Main problem is not many of these salt domes conveniently located.
Some in Europe however.
The Huntorf CAES uses salt domes. Works on this principle.
Was bult to smooth output from a German helium cooled reactor.
When nukes were the next big thing.
World’s largest renewable energy storage project announced in Utah; grid-scale energy storage with renewable hydrogen production
Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems (MHPS) and Magnum Development announced an initiative to launch the Advanced Clean Energy Storage (ACES) project in central Utah. The world’s largest project of its kind, the ACES initiative will develop 1,000 MW of 100% clean energy storage, thereby deploying t...
Au contraire E-P
Shunting locos have huge dirty noisy engines idling most of the time.
Might be idle 90% of the time and use 300L of diesel a day idling.
So making them hybrid is not only sensible in a green sense but even more so in
economic terms. Has a very quick payback.
Technical issue is to get the batteries to live with the high G forces from the shunts.
Makes much more sense to try and do this than subsidise some dude in a Tesla.
And no, hybridising shunting locos wont save the world. But it wont hurt either.
Toshiba showcasing hybrid-diesel-battery locomotive demonstrator
Kiel-Toshiba Railway Europe GmbH (TRG), a wholly owned subsidiary of Toshiba Infrastructure Systems and Solution (TISS), Toshiba Group’s core group in the infrastructure business, will showcase Toshiba’s modular diesel electric hybrid locomotives at Transport Logistic 2019 this week. Furthe...
Like Poet Engineer I am inclined to the pragmatic. BEVS seem most important for city cars and in particular light / medium urban transport in places smog and Nox bad.
Get rid of lots of smelly dirty diesel trucks delivering all the stuff a city wants.
But you need synthetic fuels for long distance heavy haulage, mining machines and aeroplanes where the energy density critical
Co2 to fuel can work, obviously needs more effort to get economical.
(Finland not where I would put a solar power plant for example.)
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/06/170609103828.htm
Demo plant produces renewable fuel from carbon dioxide captured from the air
Audi begins initial engine testing of Global Bioenergies, Fraunhofer e-gasoline
Audi remains convinced of the potential of the fuels e-gas, “e-benzin” (e-gasoline) and e-diesel and is continuing to pursue its e-fuels strategy. (Earlier post.) Audi and its development partners Global Bioenergies S.A. (earlier post) and the Fraunhofer Center for Chemical Biotechnological Proc...
Iso octane is of course 114, you are right.
C8 H18
As you correctly point out 9 moles H2 in product and 16 moles to get rid of O2.
so 25 moles hence 50 grams H2 / mole but a mole of iso-octane weighs 114 grams so
690/114 = 6 moles / litre iso-octane
x 50g/l = 300 grams H2 / liter.
At 46 kwhr / kg then there is 13.6 kwhrs or 27cents of H2 per liter
Looking better. Thanks for this.
Again you are right that there are amortisation and maintenance costs but typically energy costs are 70 to 80 % of operating costs.
Do you have any objection to the renewable fuel plants being located in sunny or windy places and the fuel being exported to poor old Germany? Tanker transport pretty cheap.
Audi begins initial engine testing of Global Bioenergies, Fraunhofer e-gasoline
Audi remains convinced of the potential of the fuels e-gas, “e-benzin” (e-gasoline) and e-diesel and is continuing to pursue its e-fuels strategy. (Earlier post.) Audi and its development partners Global Bioenergies S.A. (earlier post) and the Fraunhofer Center for Chemical Biotechnological Proc...
It could be a conspiracy & greenwashing or it could be rational economics.....
If you take your numbers and given there are about 700 grams of isooctane per litre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
then (700/50) x 2.3 = 32.2 kwhrs / litre and wind and solar 2c/kwhr or under in places = around 65c/ litre.
https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/mexico-auction-bids-lowest-solar-wind-price-on-the-planet#gs.N4VxzWg
Current German fuel price around $1.20 to $1.50 / litre.
Audi begins initial engine testing of Global Bioenergies, Fraunhofer e-gasoline
Audi remains convinced of the potential of the fuels e-gas, “e-benzin” (e-gasoline) and e-diesel and is continuing to pursue its e-fuels strategy. (Earlier post.) Audi and its development partners Global Bioenergies S.A. (earlier post) and the Fraunhofer Center for Chemical Biotechnological Proc...
ejj
Here's the spin
Forget about Solyndra you are missing the point. The bailout of Wall St, that nest of bleeding heart liberals, started under George W is now $11 trillion and counting.
This is a Solyndra every day for the next 60 years.
DOE finalizes $105M loan guarantee for Project Liberty cellulosic bio-refinery in Iowa
The US Department of Energy (DOE) finalized a $105-million loan guarantee to support the development of one of the US’ first commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol plants. (Earlier post.) Project LIBERTY, sponsored by POET, will be built in Emmetsburg, Iowa and is expected to produce up to 25 milli...
Key point about using waste is that there is a $30 to $50 / ton tax to dispose it in a landfill in many countries including UK on top of the disposal cost itself. So when you use waste as the feedstock you have a negative cost for your raw material.That is you start with a $60 to $80 / ton advantage over any other feedstock. Beats growing your feedstock for sure.
This is why waste to oil projects will happen first, economics better, even if feedstock garbage.
Solena signs LOI with Rentech for Fischer-Tropsch technology for first commercial-scale renewable jet fuel facility in Europe
The Solena Group, Inc., a bioenergy and biofuels company based in Washington DC, has signed a letter of intent with Rentech, Inc. for the use of Rentech’s proprietary Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthetic fuel technology in Solena’s BioJetFuel project—GreenSky—in the United Kingdom. (Earlier post.) The...
Unfortunately the CO2 emissions involved in extracting and liquefaction of this clean energy source make it dirtier in a Co2 sense per unit of energy delivered than gasoline, diesel and propane.
It is not as bad as coal but when you account for the fact that a heap of this will be shipped halfway across the world and a bunch will leak then my guess nearly as bad as coal.
So LNG from coal seam methane is no solution to greenhouse.
BG Group sanctions US$15B coal seam gas to LNG project; first such
Estimated annual greenhouse gas emissions over the lifetime of the QCLNG project. More than half the emissions come from the LNG facility. Source: QCLNG EIS. Click to enlarge. BG Group has approved implementation of the first phase of a US$15-billion project to convert coal seam gas (CSG) to...
Goracle, what conspicuous drivel. You are, however, to be applauded on your heroic but utterly irrelevant attempt to link aircraft aerosol emissions (principally in China and India) with US health care policy in that most obvious of places, a green car blog.
Firstly, unless I am much mistaken the US hasn't got a government health care system yet. We can determine this easily because most countries with such evil systems also have much better infant mortality and life expectancy figures than the US.
If your genuine concern is to prevent premature deaths, rather than mouthing off,again, about your precious liberties, you might consider first restraining, big tobacco, big food and big alcohol, all of which contribute very substantially to the tally of premature deaths. But can you stomach an attack on your God given right to scarf Big Macs?
Cambridge-MIT Study Attributes ~8,000 Premature Deaths Per Year to Aircraft Cruise Emissions
Global plots for and LTO (0-1 km) and full flight (LTO + Cruise) operations: vertically summed average fuel burn (kg/s per 1° x 1°); ground-level BC perturbation (µg/m3); and ground-level total PM2.5 perturbation (µg/m3) attributable to aviation. Credit: ACS, Barrett et al. Click to enlarge....
I understand the emotional and aesthetic attraction of 100% solar.
But.."perfect is the enemy of good"
The planet doesn't distinguish between 200kw of 100% pure solar power and a hybrid plant that is 1000kw with a 20% solar contribution.
As long as it is preventing 200kw of fossil CO2 emissions it is good. It is even better if the economics of hybrid plants are such that more hybrids and therefore solar gets built.
We all know solar is free but the capital to build it is not. A thermal solar plant that is idle 14 hours a day has all the turbines, switchgear and transmission lines unused but still being needed to be paid for. (The Banker never sleeps).
It is this capital charge that makes solar "uneconomic".
Alstom Enters Solar Market With Up to $55M Investment in BrightSource Energy
Alstom, a global leader in equipment and services for power generation, is entering the solar market with an investment of up to $55 million in BrightSource Energy Inc., with an equity stake that positions Alstom as one of the main shareholders in the company. This operation takes place as part ...
Bet the sediments in Lake Tanganiyika aren't much affected by heat island effects and the movement of weather stations.
Good Lord. Perhaps Lake Tanganyika is really warming....
Researchers Finds Lake Tanganyika Has Experienced Unprecedented Warming Over Last Century
A team of researchers led by Brown University has found that Lake Tanganyika in east Africa—the second-oldest and the second-deepest lake in the world—has experienced unprecedented warming in the last century. A paper on their work was published online 16 May in the journal Nature Geoscience. Th...
US per capita consumption currently around 20tons/person year.
Chinese per capita consumption is around 4.5, both numbers from wiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita
Potsdam Researchers Suggest Mechanism for Meeting 2 °C Warming Target; One Human-One Emissions Right Principle
A report by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research points at constructional flaws in the current global system for protection of the climate. The authors analyse the interests of the different groups of countries and delineate how international climate policy could be modified to keep...
SVW is now following mmillikin
Apr 23, 2010
Being a simple soul I would of course see this rapid rate of acidification, directly correlated to increased CO2 emissions, and unprecedented in the last half a million years or so, as prima facie evidence that man's extravagant burning of fossil fuels is the cause.
It seems to me so much more likely than corrupt scientists manipulating the data to secure Wall St bankers lifestyles, or carelessly losing weather stations, or finding hockey sticks where there are none......
But no doubt there is an obvious explanation I have missed. Perhaps it's the fault of big government.
National Research Council Study Finds CO2 Emissions Causing Ocean Acidification at Unprecedented Rate
The chemistry of the ocean is changing at an unprecedented rate and magnitude due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions; the rate of change exceeds any known to have occurred for at least for at least 800,000 years, concludes a congressionally requested study by the US National Research Coun...
At the moment vast amounts of prime agricultural land are used to grow feed for cows to make big Macs. So Americans can be the fattest people on earth.
The free market defines this as sensible.
A better method would be to graze cattle on marginal agricultural land. This would greatly improve the lives of the cattle, and make lots of jobs for cowboys. A good idea in the land with 10% unemployment. But that would be too sensible as it would increase the cost of big Macs a few cents. Americans would buy fewer big Macs and be thinner. In the meantime there is nothing to stop me growing castor beans in Arizona and making diesel substitute.
Life Cycle Analysis of Evogene Castor Bean-based Biodiesel Shows 90% Emissions Reduction Compared to Petroleum
A life cycle assessment (LCA) of biodiesel produced from castor bean varieties being developed by Israel-based Evogene Ltd. (earlier post) found that such biodiesel reduces greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions by 90% compared to petroleum diesel in the US. Evogene is a developer of improved plant tr...
Not that the denialistas will believe it.
There is no end of peer reviewed research that takes the hot & cold temperatures occurring daily around the world and averages them. It shows that global temperatures are rising. Just like a hockey stick.
And no cherry picking.
But let's not debate the temperature. Lets get the denialistas latest conspiracy theories for rising sea levels (just how do they rise if the planet isn't getting hotter?).
And finally, why are the oceans becoming more acidic? God knows, might be something to do with the CO2 emitted by "trains and boat and planes" to quote Burt B.
Canada Has Warmest and Driest Winter on Record; Some Areas in Arctic and Northern Quebec 6 °C Above Normal
Environment Canada reported that the national average temperature for the winter 2009/2010 was 4.0 °C (7.2 °F) above normal, based on preliminary data, making this the warmest winter on record since nationwide records began in 1948. The previous record was 2005/2006 which was 3.9 °C (7.0 °F) abo...
Goracle, you already have your worst nightmare of "massive tax increases, extraordinary loss of freedom, and an ever expanding, incompetent, government"
Your poor struggling pals in Wall St have to be bailed out,this is coming from your taxes right now.....
George W has given you Homeland Security, and greatly curtailed your precious freedom of movement and speech and then, to top it all off, this Texan advocate of small government went and nationalised General Motors.
Under GWB more industry in $ value was nationalised than under Mao or Stalin.
Where are your posts about these huge taxes,these massive losses of freedom and this radical expansion of big government, perhaps you can direct me to them?
Clearly as these have actually happened you must be much more vocal and active about these real events, happening now, than the distant threat of future action?
CSIRO/BOM: Australia’s Mean Temperature has Risen 0.7 °C Since 1960, Climate Change is Real
An increase in the mean temperature in Australia of about 0.7 °C (1.26 °F) since 1960 and other observed changes in rainfall, sea level rise, ocean acidification and atmospheric CO2 concentration show that “climate change is real”, according to a joint CSIRO/Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) statement...
Not only do they have huge houses and two SUVs, they are the ones who would drive the SUVs to chop down the last tress on Easter Island
Honda Study Finds Insight’s Eco Assist System Results in Average 10% Improvement in Fuel Economy After 300 Drives, Up to 20% Max
Honda Ecological Drive Assist System (Eco Assist). Click to enlarge. A study by Honda in Japan found that drivers using the new Eco Assist system on the new Honda Insight hybrid improved their fuel economy on average by 10%, up to a maximum of 20%, after 300 drives. Keiji Enomoto from Honda R...
Clearly a great need for these hybrid SUVs. Since global warming doesn't exist and we are entering a new ice age there will be a great demand for these all terrain vehicles just the thing to take your kids to their local school.
VW Unveils New Touareg and Touareg Hybrid
The new Volkswagen Touareg. Click to enlarge. Volkswagen staged the world premiere of the all-new Touareg—which is up to 200 kg lighter and up to 20% more fuel efficient than the outgoing model—and the new Touareg Hybrid at the Postpalast in Munich. The new Touareg will offer a range of conve...
Goracle I think it is very Unamerican and disloyal of you to call President Bush **evil**.
Sure he was poorly advised by the CIA, not to mention his vice president, he ignored Colin Powell's repeated warnings about invading Iraq and was simply too loyal to poor old Rummy who found you couldn't invade an oil rich country with drones and cruise missiles only. But to call him evil is disloyal to your great country. He was only human like your good self, and like your good self, manifestly capable of egregious errors of judgement.
NASA Research Finds Last Decade was Warmest on Record, 2009 One of Warmest Years
A new analysis of global surface temperatures by NASA scientists finds the past year was tied for the second warmest since 1880. In the Southern Hemisphere, 2009 was the warmest year on record. Line plot of global mean land-ocean temperature index, 1880 to present, with the base period 1951-...
Goracle you already have massive tax increases to pay for the poor struggling Wall St boys....and clearly the government is intruding evermore into your life to fend off those chaps with bombs in their undershorts.....It's a good thing the President GW Bush is blameless about no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq.....He was just badly advised by the CIA, the same guys who couldn't find the undershorts bomber.
You know otherwise some suspicious people might say things like ""Mistake." LOL!!! Outright fraud is what it is......"
Study Links Springtime Ozone Increases Above Western North America to Emissions in Asia
Springtime ozone distributions for 1984, 1995–2008 in the mid-troposphere (3.0–8.0 km), and air mass source regions. Credit: Nature, Cooper et al. Click to enlarge. Springtime ozone levels above western North America are rising primarily due to air flowing eastward from the Pacific Ocean, a t...
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