Thanks Julia for an informative post and in hosting a valuable discussion. My own take on Lighthizer's remark is that I agree that US trade policy should help to achieve the ideal in which most citizens in the society have “stable and well-paying jobs”. Pursuing that goal is definitely within the realm of labor policy but trade policy should row in the same direction. In a world of rapid technology change however there will be practical limits to job stability, and those too are in the province of labor and employment policy. I am surprised to read Lighthizer talking about the value of the personal dignity of the worker but certainly he is right about that and right to mention the Pope. Lighthizer should be applauded for raising the trade debate to a higher level.

This is not an instance of closing the barn door after the horse has fled. Here, the horse is dead. The time for "someone" at the WTO to consider "bending the rules" was in November 2017 when I first proposed my fix to save WTO dispute settlement from the Trump Administration. Under the new international law concept of "role responsibility," I now argue that the AB had a duty to act favorably on my proposal rather than to sit on their hands for 2 years as the Trump Administration drained the blood out of the Appellate Body.

Only a division of the Appellate Body can issue a report and there is no division for this case. My 2017 proposal called for a new Working Procedure that would have stated ex ante that once the number of appellators fell to 4 that the "completion of the appeal" under Article 16.4 occurred automatically at the same time as any new appeal. My proposal did not contemplate the issuance of an Appellate Body report. Rather, I was suggesting that the panel report would become adoptable at the DSB because the "completion" of the appeal would have already occurred under the rule.

The answer to Simon's last question is an obvious No. With only 1 appellator left, the Appellate Body lacks a quorum to take any action. The time for implementing my 2017 proposal to save WTO dispute settlement expired in 2018 when the number of appellators fell to 3. Perhaps some oral historians will be able to record why the Appellate Body sat on its hands after I proposed my solution to outwit the Trump Administration.

When these employment issues came to the fore in the early 20th century, the Congress created a department of commerce and labor. Looking back over the decades, it's not clear to me that splitting up those departments made an improvement. So the question of how to organize departments is a reasonable one for a Presidential campaign and greater consolidation (along the lines of the Nixon Administration proposals) might make sense. The idea of making the creation and defending (whatever that means) good American jobs is clearly socialist. In my view, job creation should largely stay in the private sector.

I agree with Prof. Petersman that the General Council is rightly engaged in the solving matter of the AB. According to Article IV:1 of the Marrakesh Agreement, "The Ministerial Conference shall carry out the functions of the WTO and TAKE ACTIONS NECESSARY TO THIS EFFECT' (emphasis added). Combining this authority with the Article IV:2 authority to the General Council to conduct the functions of the Ministerial Conference, there is certainly an argument to be made that the General Council has the constitutional authority to take necessary actions to fill the Appellate Body vacancies.

Thanks for those important comments. I eagerly await the details of the EU proposal, particularly on the matter of the two-tier dispute resolution. Let me try to clarify my thoughts on the "responsibility for the current situation." The DSB minutes show the Trump Administration blocking Appellate Body appointments in late August 2017. When I offered my rescue plan in November 2017, the situation was quite clear that something needed to be done to thwart the US strategy of shutting down the Appellate Body and then using that situation to shut down the adoption of WTO panel reports against the US. Because of the DSB consensus decision making rule, only the Appellate Body had the power to do what I was proposing. I have not formed a definite conclusion on the question of whether the Appellate Body had a duty to mitigate the harm to the DSU.

Note: This is a revised version of the paper that I briefly posted on April 11. Steve Charnovitz

Simon, If the UN calls for sanctions against a WTO-member country, say Myanmar, I don't think that the target country should have a WTO right to rebalance its trade against the sender countries. I presume that a country would not notify an Article XXI(c) measure unless the UN had actually taken relevant action, so there is some difference between this situation and the unilateral rationales that underlie the rest of Article XXI.

Thanks Brett and Tomasz for those thoughtful comments which I want to further reflect on. On steel, I would start with a presumption that overcapacity is better than under capacity. I was more convinced in the 1970s when I first learned about the problem of steel overcapacity than I am today that steel overcapacity is a market failure that needs government intervention. But if steel production is an international market failure, then a solution to it may be an intergovernmental commodity agreement that would address subsidies, exports, pricing, reserves, etc. Perhaps this task can be undertaken by the OECD. If VRAs are negotiated under an international agreement, they can be legal under GATT Art. XX(h). How XX(h) interacts with Art. 11:1(b) of the Safeguards Agreement has not yet been litigated. Perhaps GATT Art. XX should be read into the Safeguards Agreement. I don't think Article 11.1(c) should be interpreted in a way that limits the toolbox for international organization to use to address global economic problems.

In a sidebar conversation today, I have been asked what limiting principles do I see to my novel and far-reaching thesis that there is a broad right of self-help in GATT Article XIX:3 (as modified by Article 8 of the Safeguards Agreement) to rebalance trade. Using the hypothetical example of EU self-help against a US measure, let me suggest these limiting principles: If the US measure does not involve trade in goods, there is no Article XIX right of self-help. If the US measure does not involve imports, there is no right of self-help. If the US measure is notified to the WTO as a CVD, there is no right of self-help. If the US measure is notified to the WTO as an AD duty, there is no right of self-help. If the US measure is notified to the WTO as a TBT or SPS measure, there is no right of self-help. If the US measure is notified to the WTO as a GATT Article XI measure justified by Articles XI or XX, there is no right of self-help. If the US measure is notified to the WTO as a GATT Article III measure justified by Article XX, there is no right of self-help. If the US measure is notified to the WTO as a measure justified by GATT Article XXI(c), there is no right of self-help. But if the US tariff or quota or import ban is notified to the WTO as a safeguard measure, or not notified as a safeguard measure, then there would be a right of self-help to rebalance trade.